Executive Summary: Tranexamic Acid (INCI), CAS Registry Number 1197-18-8, chemically known as trans-4-(aminomethyl)cyclohexanecarboxylic acid, is a synthetic lysine analogue originally developed as an antifibrinolytic hemostatic agent. Its remarkable skin-brightening, anti-melanin, and anti-inflammatory properties have positioned it among the fastest-growing cosmetic active ingredients globally. Jinan NorsonBio Co., Ltd., based in Jinan, Shandong, China, is a professional supplier and global exporter of premium ≥99% purity cosmetic-grade Tranexamic Acid powder. Working with qualified upstream production partners, we serve cosmetic formulators, skincare brands, and distributors worldwide. This comprehensive guide covers the science, clinical evidence, formulation best practices, regulatory compliance, and B2B sourcing considerations for Tranexamic Acid.
What Is Tranexamic Acid? From Surgical Drug to Star Skincare Ingredient
Chemical Identity Profile
| Property | Specification |
|---|---|
| INCI Name | Tranexamic Acid |
| CAS Number | 1197-18-8 |
| Chemical Name | trans-4-(Aminomethyl)cyclohexanecarboxylic acid |
| Synonyms | AMCA, t-AMCHA, TXA, Trans-AMCHA, CL-65336 |
| Molecular Formula | C₈H₁₅NO₂ |
| Molecular Weight | 157.21 g/mol |
| Appearance | White or almost white, crystalline powder; odorless |
| Solubility | Freely soluble in water (~1g/6mL) and glacial acetic acid; practically insoluble in ethanol (99.5%), acetone, and oils |
| pH (5% aqueous solution) | 7.0–8.0 |
| Purity (Cosmetic Grade) | ≥99.0% by HPLC |
| EC/EINECS Number | 214-818-2 |
| Melting Point | >300°C |
| LogP (octanol/water) | Approximately -2.3 (highly hydrophilic) |
Tranexamic Acid is a synthetic derivative of the amino acid lysine with a unique trans-cyclohexane backbone that confers its biological activity. Its low molecular weight (157.21 Da) classifies it as a small molecule active, but its strong hydrophilicity presents a known transdermal delivery challenge that formulators must address through proper vehicle design or derivative selection.
The Discovery Journey: From Operating Room to Vanity Table
The story of Tranexamic Acid began in the 1960s when Japanese researchers Utako Okamoto and Shosuke Okamoto developed it as an antifibrinolytic agent for surgical bleeding, menorrhagia, and trauma care. A pivotal moment came in 1998 when Maeda and Naganuma published a landmark study demonstrating that topical Tranexamic Acid prevents ultraviolet radiation-induced pigmentation. Subsequently, Japanese dermatologists observed an unexpected but remarkable improvement in melasma among patients taking oral Tranexamic Acid for menorrhagia—a serendipitous discovery that catalyzed its dermatological and cosmetic applications.
Today, Tranexamic Acid has transitioned from prescription-only medicine to over-the-counter cosmetics, establishing itself among the four core brightening actives alongside niacinamide, vitamin C, and alpha-arbutin. The global cosmetic-grade Tranexamic Acid market was valued at USD 1.2 billion in 2024 and is projected to reach USD 2.5 billion by 2033, growing at a CAGR of 10.1%. The broader Tranexamic Acid market (including pharmaceuticals) was valued at USD 8.659 billion in 2024 and is forecast to reach USD 13.59 billion by 2032 at a CAGR of 5.8%.
How Tranexamic Acid Works: Mechanism of Action
The Core Pathway: Plasminogen-Plasmin System Inhibition
The skin-brightening mechanism of Tranexamic Acid centers on its inhibition of plasmin activity. When skin is exposed to UV radiation, inflammatory triggers, or hormonal fluctuations, keratinocytes release plasminogen activator, converting plasminogen to plasmin. Plasmin then initiates two critical pigmentation cascades:
- Arachidonic acid release → prostaglandin production → amplification of inflammatory signals → stimulation of alpha-MSH (alpha-melanocyte-stimulating hormone) → activation of melanocytes and melanin synthesis
- Direct plasmin stimulation of melanocytes: increased tyrosinase activity and enhanced melanosome transfer to keratinocytes
As a structural analogue of lysine, Tranexamic Acid competitively binds to lysine binding sites on plasminogen molecules, blocking plasminogen from binding to fibrin and cell-surface receptors. This action effectively interrupts the inflammation-pigmentation signaling cascade at its source.
Multi-Pathway Skin Benefits
| Mechanism Pathway | Biological Effect | Target Skin Concern |
|---|---|---|
| Plasmin inhibition | Blocks melanin synthesis signaling | Melasma, sun spots, PIH |
| Anti-inflammatory action | Reduces arachidonic acid release; inhibits PGE2 | Rosacea, PIE, post-procedural redness |
| Anti-angiogenic properties | Reduces VEGF and bFGF expression | Telangiectatic rosacea, vascular dark circles |
| Mast cell stabilization | Reduces histamine release | Sensitive/reactive skin, allergic redness |
| UV-protective adjuvant | Reduces UV-induced pigmentation signaling | Daily photoprotection enhancement |
| Barrier repair support | Reduces inflammation-mediated barrier damage | Compromised barriers, post-procedure recovery |
Why It Stands Out vs. Traditional Brighteners
Compared to hydroquinone, Tranexamic Acid does not directly destroy melanocytes, carrying no risk of exogenous ochronosis. Compared to kojic acid, it has no photosensitivity and can be safely used during the day. Compared to pure L-ascorbic acid, it is extremely stable and does not oxidize or discolor formulations. Its defining value proposition is barrier-safe brightening—it inhibits pigmentation while simultaneously reducing inflammation, making it exceptionally suitable for Asian sensitive skin and post-procedure recovery applications. This dual action is increasingly prized in an era where consumers are shifting away from harsh “slugging” and aggressive exfoliation toward gentle yet effective actives.
Clinical Evidence: Does Tranexamic Acid Actually Work?
Melasma — The Most Well-Established Indication
Melasma is the most extensively studied application for Tranexamic Acid, with robust clinical evidence supporting efficacy:
- Na JI et al. (2013): A histologically evaluated clinical trial demonstrated that oral Tranexamic acid significantly reduces both epidermal and dermal melanin deposition in melasma patients.
- Topical 2%–5% TXA: Double-blind comparative studies show topical Tranexamic Acid at 2%–5% rivals the depigmenting efficacy of 2% hydroquinone—the historical gold standard—with a significantly superior tolerability profile.
- 2% Cetyl Tranexamate Mesylate Serum (da Silva Souza et al., 2021): A 54-subject Human Repeat Insult Patch Test (HRIPT) confirmed safety; in a 35-subject, 8-week clinical use study, melanin index decreased by 16.9% and erythema index decreased by 34.3%, with 78.6% of subjects reporting visible dark spot improvement and 77.1% reporting improved facial redness as early as 2 weeks.
- Onset of action: Most studies demonstrate visible improvement within 2–4 weeks of twice-daily application, with significant results at 8–12 weeks.
Post-Inflammatory Hyperpigmentation (PIH) and Erythema (PIE)
Tranexamic Acid’s efficacy for post-inflammatory erythema (PIE)—the red or pink marks left after acne lesions resolve—is an important emerging application. Because TXA acts on both the melanin pathway and the vascular-inflammatory pathway simultaneously, it addresses both the brown (PIH) and red (PIE) sequelae of acne—a unique advantage over single-pathway tyrosinase inhibitors like arbutin.
Rosacea
Reviews published in Acta Clinica Croatica (2023) and the International Journal of Dermatology (2023) note that TXA’s anti-inflammatory and anti-angiogenic properties show promise in managing rosacea, particularly reducing persistent facial erythema and telangiectasia.
Oral vs. Topical: A Comparison
| Dimension | Topical TXA (2%–5%) | Oral TXA (250mg, 2–3x/day) |
|---|---|---|
| Melasma improvement rate | Approximately 50–70% responder rate | Approximately 80–90% (per published literature) |
| Speed of onset | 8–12 weeks | 4–8 weeks |
| Systemic side effects | Minimal; occasional mild local irritation | Thrombotic risk; requires physician evaluation and contraindication screening |
| Use case | Daily skincare, sensitive skin, maintenance | Severe/refractory melasma (prescription only) |
| Regulatory status | Cosmetic ingredient (most global markets) | Prescription drug |
| B2B opportunity | Continuously growing cosmetic ingredient market | Pharmaceutical API market |
Important note: Oral Tranexamic Acid is a prescription medication with contraindications including active thromboembolic disease and must be prescribed and monitored by a physician. Cosmetic ingredient suppliers should clearly position their products as topical cosmetic-grade raw materials.
Formulation Technical Guide: Essential Reading for Cosmetic Chemists
Recommended Usage Levels
| Product Type | Recommended Concentration | pH Recommendation | Notes |
|---|---|---|---|
| Daily brightening serum | 1%–3% | 5.0–7.0 | AM/PM use; entry-level brightening |
| Intensive spot treatment | 3%–5% | 5.0–7.0 | Clinical-strength; typically PM |
| Brightening cream/lotion | 1%–2% | 5.0–7.0 | Daily moisturizer format |
| Sheet mask / rinse-off | 0.5%–2% | 5.5–7.0 | Leave-on or rinse-off |
| Eye serum | 0.5%–1.5% | 5.5–7.0 | Targeting vascular dark circles |
| Post-procedure recovery | 1%–3% | 5.5–6.5 | Paired with soothing actives |
Processing Guidelines
Tranexamic Acid offers excellent formulation flexibility:
- Solubility: Freely soluble in water (~1g/6mL); add directly to the aqueous phase. No heating required—cold processing is fully viable.
- Thermostability: Excellent thermal stability; withstands standard emulsification temperatures (up to ~80°C). Can be added during post-cooling phase (≤40°C) to preserve co-ingredients, though no TXA degradation occurs at typical processing temperatures.
- Antioxidant protection: Does not require specialized antioxidants, but addition of a chelating agent (e.g., disodium EDTA 0.05%–0.1%) is recommended to prevent metal-ion-catalyzed degradation in formulation.
- Light stability: Moderately photosensitive in pure form; opaque or UV-protective packaging is recommended. No special photostabilizers required in formulation.
- Storage of raw material: Store sealed powder in a cool, dry place at room temperature (≤25°C), protected from light and moisture. Typical shelf life is 2–3 years in unopened original packaging.
Proven Combination Frameworks
Tranexamic Acid demonstrates excellent compatibility with a wide range of cosmetic ingredients. Scientifically designed combinations can achieve multi-pathway brightening synergy:
Framework A: Multi-Pathway Brightening Serum (Best-Seller Architecture)
- Tranexamic Acid 3%: Blocks inflammation-melanin signaling
- Niacinamide 5%: Inhibits melanosome transfer; supports barrier
- Alpha-Arbutin 2%: Inhibits tyrosinase activity
- Sodium Hyaluronate 0.1%–0.5%: Hydration carrier
- pH 5.0–5.5: Optimal stability window for all three actives
- Clinical basis: A 66-patient clinical study in Indonesia demonstrated that a similar combination (3% TXA + 2% arbutin + 4% niacinamide + 2% Galactomyces ferment) produced a 19.4% reduction in Melasma Severity Score (MSS) after 4 weeks, with measurable improvement detectable at week 2.
Framework B: Sensitive-Skin Gentle Brightening
- Tranexamic Acid 2%
- Panthenol (Vitamin B5) 2%
- Ceramide complex 0.5%–1%
- Madecassoside 0.1%
- pH 5.5–6.0
Framework C: Vitamin C Synergy (Important Compatibility Note)
- Tranexamic Acid 3%
- 3-O-Ethyl Ascorbic Acid 2% (oil-soluble VC derivative, pH-compatible)
- or Sodium Ascorbyl Phosphate 1%–3% (water-soluble stable VC derivative)
- Critical note: Do NOT co-formulate with pure L-ascorbic acid, which requires pH ≤3.5 for stability—a pH range incompatible with TXA’s optimal 5.0–7.0 window.
Framework D: Anti-Redness Recovery (PIE/Rosacea)
- Tranexamic Acid 2%–3%
- Bisabolol 0.2%–0.5%
- Allantoin 0.1%–0.5%
- Dipotassium Glycyrrhizate 0.1%–0.3%
Transdermal Delivery Enhancement Strategies
Tranexamic Acid’s high hydrophilicity is a double-edged sword: easy to formulate but limited skin penetration. Brands developing premium products may employ the following technologies to enhance bioavailability:
- Liposomal encapsulation: Published literature confirms liposomal TXA delivers superior depigmenting effects compared to aqueous solutions.
- Nanoemulsion/microemulsion systems: Sub-100nm nanocarriers significantly increase skin deposition.
- Ester prodrug derivatives: A 2024 study (Zeng et al., RSC Advances) demonstrated that butyl ester (TA4) and octyl ester (TA8) prodrugs improve skin penetration and deposition by approximately 2–3× versus unmodified TXA, with rapid hydrolysis (<2 hours) releasing the parent drug in skin homogenates.
- Cetyl Tranexamate Mesylate: A commercially available lipophilic ester derivative with proven clinical efficacy (see da Silva Souza et al., 2021).
- Penetration enhancers: Propylene glycol, azone, and dimethyl isosorbide (DMI) can modestly boost penetration; balance carefully with irritation potential.
Regulatory Compliance: Global Market Access Guide
Regulatory Status by Major Market
| Market | Status | Key Requirements |
|---|---|---|
| European Union | Permitted as cosmetic ingredient | REACH registration; CPNP notification; EU Responsible Person required; compliance with EC 1223/2009 |
| United States | Permitted | Listed on TSCA Inventory (CAS 1197-18-8); FDA cosmetic compliance; no statutory concentration limit but safety substantiation required |
| China (NMPA) | Listed on IECIC (Used Cosmetic Ingredients Catalogue) | NMPA notification/filing; must comply with Safety and Technical Standards for Cosmetics |
| Japan | Approved as quasi-drug active | 3%–5% concentration in whitening quasi-drug products |
| South Korea | KFDA-approved cosmetic ingredient | KFDA registration/notification required |
| ASEAN | Permitted | ASEAN Cosmetic Directive framework; country-level registration (Indonesia BPOM, Singapore HSA, Thailand NPIC) |
| Middle East | Permitted | Halal certification increasingly important (mandatory in Indonesia from October 2026); GCC standards; Saudi SABER certification |
Essential Compliance Documentation Checklist (B2B Sourcing Must-Haves)
When sourcing cosmetic-grade Tranexamic Acid from a professional supplier, request the following documents:
- Certificate of Analysis (COA): Batch-specific; must include HPLC purity, impurity profile, heavy metals, microbial data
- Technical Data Sheet (TDS): Physicochemical properties, recommended use levels, processing guidance
- Safety Data Sheet (SDS/MSDS): GHS-compliant, current within 5 years
- Quality System Documents: ISO 9001 or equivalent quality management documentation from the qualified production source, available upon request
- REACH Documentation: For EU-bound shipments; REACH registration or Only Representative (OR) support
- TSE/BSE Statement: Confirmation of no animal-derived transmissible agents
- Cruelty-Free Statement: Animal testing non-involvement declaration (essential for EU market)
- Allergen Declaration: Compliance with EU 26 allergen labeling requirements
- Certificate of Origin (C/O)
- Free Sale Certificate: Required for import registration in certain countries
B2B Sourcing Guide: How to Select a Reliable Tranexamic Acid Supplier
Critical Quality Parameters
Professional B2B buyers should evaluate Tranexamic Acid powder suppliers against the following quality benchmarks:
| Test Parameter | Cosmetic Grade Standard (JP17/EP/BP Reference) | NorsonBio Standard |
|---|---|---|
| Appearance | White or almost white crystalline powder | White crystalline powder |
| Assay (HPLC) | 98.0%–101.0% | ≥99.0% |
| pH (5% solution) | 7.0–8.0 | 7.0–8.0 |
| Related substance (RRT 1.5) | ≤0.2% | ≤0.1% |
| Total impurities | ≤0.5% | ≤0.3% |
| Chlorides | ≤140 ppm | Compliant |
| Heavy metals | ≤10 ppm | <10 ppm |
| Arsenic (As) | ≤2 ppm | <2 ppm |
| Loss on drying | ≤0.5% | ≤0.3% |
| Sulphated ash | ≤0.1% | ≤0.05% |
| Total aerobic count | ≤1000 CFU/g | ≤100 CFU/g |
Supplier Selection Criteria
When selecting a bulk Tranexamic Acid supplier, evaluate these dimensions:
- Production credentials: Valid production licenses and quality management documentation from the production source
- Quality verification capabilities: Reliable third-party testing (HPLC, GC, heavy metals) and full batch traceability
- Batch-to-batch consistency: Stability of purity, particle size, and impurity profile across shipments
- Supply capacity: Stable throughput and multi-source backup to scale with your demand growth
- Documentation speed: Responsiveness in providing TDS, COA, SDS, and regulatory documents
- Sample policy: Availability of paid or free samples for laboratory evaluation
- Regulatory support: Ability to provide REACH OR services, registration support documentation
- Packaging & logistics flexibility: Multiple packaging options; trade term flexibility (FOB/CIF/DDP)
- Verifiable track record: Years in business, customer references, export track record to your target markets
- Technical support: Formulation guidance and stability consulting for your product development
Packaging, Storage, and Shipping
- Standard packaging:
- Sample/small quantity: 1kg per bag, double plastic inner bags with aluminum foil outer bag (N.W. 1kg, G.W. ~1.2kg)
- Bulk: 25kg per fiber drum, double plastic inner bags (N.W. 25kg, G.W. ~28kg, drum dimensions approx. 35cm diameter × 51cm height)
- Storage conditions: Sealed, cool, dry place at room temperature (≤25°C); protect from light and moisture
- Shelf life: Typically 2–3 years in unopened original packaging
- Transportation: Non-hazardous goods; shippable as standard chemical cargo by sea, air, or international courier
- Hazard classification: Non-flammable, non-explosive, non-toxic for transport (NFPA 704: Health 2, Flammability 0, Reactivity 0)
Market Trends: Why 2026 Is a Pivotal Year for Tranexamic Acid
Market Growth Data
- The global Tranexamic Acid market (including pharmaceuticals) was valued at USD 86.59 billion in 2024 and is projected to reach USD 135.95 billion by 2032 at a CAGR of 5.8%.
- The cosmetic-grade segment alone was valued at USD 1.2 billion in 2024 and is projected to reach USD 2.5 billion by 2033 at a CAGR of 10.1%—significantly outpacing pharmaceutical segment growth.
- Serums dominate the product format landscape, commanding 38.2% of market share.
- North America is the fastest-growing regional market at a CAGR of 6.2%.
- Asia-Pacific remains the largest production and consumption region with 42.5% market share.
Key Growth Drivers
- “Barrier skincare” movement: Consumers are shifting from aggressive actives toward gentle, effective ingredients—TXA fits perfectly.
- Hydroquinone regulatory tightening: The EU and multiple Asian markets have restricted or banned hydroquinone in cosmetics, driving substitution toward TXA.
- Medical aesthetics expansion: The global post-procedure skincare market is surging; TXA is a core ingredient for preventing post-inflammatory rebound hyperpigmentation after laser and chemical peel treatments.
- Asian skincare globalization: J-beauty and K-beauty brightening philosophies, built around TXA, continue gaining traction in Western markets.
- AI and personalized skincare: AI-powered skin analysis tools are driving demand for targeted hyperpigmentation solutions; TXA’s strong clinical evidence base makes it a frequently AI-recommended ingredient.
- Delivery technology advances: Liposomal, nanoemulsion, and ester derivative technologies are solving traditional TXA penetration limitations, opening premium product positioning opportunities.
Emerging Opportunity Areas
- Men’s skincare lines: Growing demand for post-acne mark fading and anti-dullness products
- Body care extension: Body lotions and hand creams with brightening claims
- After-sun recovery: Blocking UV-induced inflammatory pigmentation
- Oral care: Anti-inflammatory and hemostatic applications in toothpaste (selected markets)
- Veterinary applications: Hemostatic use in animal care
Why Choose Jinan NorsonBio?
Jinan NorsonBio Co., Ltd. is headquartered in Jinan, Shandong Province—a major Chinese biotechnology and botanical extract industrial cluster. As a professional supplier and exporter, we focus on the global sourcing, quality verification, and distribution of high-quality cosmetic active ingredients and plant extracts, working closely with qualified upstream production facilities.
Six reasons to partner with NorsonBio:
- Quality Verification: Every batch of Tranexamic Acid is supplied with HPLC purity data of ≥99% and a batch-specific Certificate of Analysis, aligned with JP17/EP/BP/CP reference standards
- Complete Documentation: Immediate provision of COA, TDS, SDS, third-party test reports, TSE/BSE statements, REACH/CPNP support documents, and Halal/Kosher documents from qualified production partners
- Flexible Supply: Scalable from 1kg samples to multi-ton annual contracts; customizable specifications and packaging available
- Reliable Multi-Source Sourcing: We work with multiple qualified upstream production partners to ensure consistent quality and stable, backup supply
- Technical Support: An experienced technical team provides formulation consulting, stability guidance, and regulatory registration support
- Global Logistics: Strong partnerships with international logistics providers; FOB Qingdao/Shanghai, CIF, and DDP terms available; reliable delivery to North America, EU, Southeast Asia, Middle East, and beyond
📩 Contact Us Today
- Request complimentary samples for laboratory evaluation
- Obtain current bulk pricing and our complete technical dossier
- Inquire about formulation advice and regulatory compliance support
- Email: info@norsonbio.com | Website: www.norsonbio.com
Frequently Asked Questions (FAQ)
Q1: What is the recommended concentration of Tranexamic Acid in cosmetic formulations?
For daily brightening products, we recommend 1%–3%. Intensive spot treatment products can go up to 3%–5%. Formulators new to TXA are advised to start at 2% and adjust based on product positioning. The final formulation pH should be maintained between 5.0–7.0 for optimal stability and efficacy.
Q2: Can Tranexamic Acid be used alongside niacinamide?
Absolutely—they are not only compatible but constitute a well-documented brightening synergy. Tranexamic Acid (2%–3%) + Niacinamide (4%–5%) + Alpha-Arbutin (1%–2%) is a clinically validated multi-pathway brightening framework with good stability at pH 5.0–5.5. A published clinical study on this combination architecture demonstrated significant melasma improvement within 4 weeks.
Q3: Is Tranexamic Acid irritating to the skin?
Tranexamic Acid is among the gentlest brightening actives available. Clinical testing consistently demonstrates significantly lower irritation potential compared to hydroquinone, high-concentration retinoids, and pure vitamin C. Most skin types, including sensitive skin, tolerate it well. We always recommend conducting a standard patch test for new formulations.
Q4: Does Tranexamic Acid require heat for dissolution in formulation?
No. Tranexamic Acid is freely soluble in water (~1g/6mL) at room temperature and dissolves completely without heating. It is recommended to add it to the aqueous phase during the post-cooling stage (≤40°C) to preserve co-ingredients, though TXA itself is thermostable and can withstand standard emulsification temperatures without degradation.
Q5: What is the difference between cosmetic-grade and pharmaceutical-grade Tranexamic Acid?
The primary distinction lies in impurity control standards and intended application. Pharmaceutical-grade TXA must meet pharmacopoeia (JP/EP/BP/USP) standards for injectable/oral use with stricter impurity limits. Cosmetic-grade typically meets topical-use standards. However, the cosmetic-grade Tranexamic Acid we supply is ≥99% pure by HPLC with impurity controls aligned to JP17 standards—quality that exceeds basic cosmetic-grade requirements.
Q6: Can Tranexamic Acid be used during the day? Does it cause photosensitivity?
Tranexamic Acid is not photosensitizing and is safe for daytime application. Unlike pure vitamin C or retinol, it does not degrade significantly in light or increase sun sensitivity. However, as with any brightening product, daily broad-spectrum SPF is strongly recommended to prevent new pigment formation and optimize treatment outcomes.
Q7: Can you provide REACH registration documentation?
Yes. NorsonBio provides EU REACH registration support documentation to facilitate customer compliance for European market import. We also supply the full technical documentation package required for CPNP notification.
Q8: What is your minimum order quantity (MOQ) and how can I obtain samples?
Our standard MOQ is 1kg in aluminum foil packaging. We offer paid samples (100g–1kg) so customers can conduct laboratory testing and formulation validation prior to bulk purchase. Samples are shipped via DHL/FedEx/UPS with typical delivery of 3–7 business days worldwide.
References
- Kim KM, Lim HW. The uses of tranexamic acid in dermatology: a review. Int J Dermatol. 2023;62(5):589-598. doi:10.1111/ijd.16160
- Gaćina K, Krstanović Ćosić A. The Use of Tranexamic Acid in Dermatology. Acta Clin Croat. 2023;62(2):368-372. doi:10.20471/acc.2023.62.02.16
- da Silva Souza ID, Lampe L, Winn D. New topical tranexamic acid derivative for the improvement of hyperpigmentation and inflammation in the sun-damaged skin. J Cosmet Dermatol. 2021;20(2):561-565. doi:10.1111/jocd.13545
- Zeng Y, Ma M, Chen Y, Xie H, Ding P, Zhang K. Enhancing skin delivery of tranexamic acid via esterification: synthesis and evaluation of alkyl ester derivatives. RSC Adv. 2024;14(47):34996-35004. doi:10.1039/d4ra06266c
- Na JI, Choi SY, Yang SH, et al. Effect of tranexamic acid on melasma: a clinical trial with histological evaluation. J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol. 2013;27:1035-1039.
- Maeda K, Naganuma M. Topical trans-4-aminomethylcyclohexanecarboxylic acid prevents ultraviolet radiation-induced pigmentation. J Photochem Photobiol B. 1998;47:136-141.
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